Founded in 1943, ASCD (formerly the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development) is an educational leadership organization dedicated to advancing best practices and policies for the success of each learner.
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"Students have plenty of opportunities to process information linguistically: They listen to teachers explain content, and they read and write about content. They have fewer opportunities in school, however, to process information nonlinguistically, even though educators have known for some time that the human mind processes incoming information in these two primary modes (Paivio, 1990). Because the linguistic mode does not necessarily involve formal rules of language, this kind of processing is technically referred to as semantic.
The second mode of processing involves constructing images of incoming information. Images can refer not only to mental pictures but also to smells, tastes, and kinesthetic sensations, such as how hot or cold something feels. Because this mode of processing goes beyond visual imagery, we refer to it more broadly as nonlinguistic.
Nonlinguistic strategies require students to generate a representation of new information that does not rely on language. In the hundreds of action research projects that we have conducted with teachers throughout the years, this approach is one of the most commonly studied. Specifically, across 129 studies in which teachers used nonlinguistic strategies—such as graphic organizers, sketches, and pictographs—with one class but not with another class studying the same content, the average effect was a 17 percentile point gain in student achievement (Haystead & Marzano, 2009)."